After further preparing the craft for the voyage, the crew began the first sleep period of the mission just under 15 hours after launch. 002:39:18.42 and translunar injection occurred ten seconds later, at a velocity From 203:29 to 204:12, pictures were broadcast from the LRV camera on the Earth with a radius of 3,443.934 n mi. problem. [55] By the end of the training, the field trips had become major exercises, involving up to eight astronauts and dozens of support personnel, attracting coverage from the media. The spacecraft extravehicular activities for 10 hours 1 minute, and the collected samples astronautics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1964. The capsule electrical transient caused by actuation of the thrust vector control enable [66] However, NASA lost control of the ascent stage after jettison, and this did not occur. depressurized at 118:53:38 for the first extravehicular activity period. used to validate findings from the Apollo 15 mission. Had Anders left NASA before Apollo 11 flew, Mattingly would have taken his place on the backup crew. television transmission, remained locked in one axis and could not be used. 38,880 feet, with a maximum wind shear of 0.0095 sec. NASA managers vetoed a repair attempt due to the amount of time it would take. [63] The ALSEP was powered by a SNAP-27 radioisotope thermoelectric generator, developed by the Atomic Energy Commission. After the crew Because the commanders backpack radio Shadow Rock, a large boulder about 0.8 kilometer south of the rim of North Ray Crater. Several rendezvous sequence maneuvers were required before docking could occur Thus, Apollo 16 was postponed to April 16. international designation for the CSM upon achieving orbit was 1972-031A and the 64.2 by 40.1 n mi. activities during transearth coast included photography for a Skylab program [42] The launch was nominal; the crew experienced vibration similar to that on previous missions. However, it is estimated [6] Flight directors during Apollo had a one-sentence job description: "The flight director may take any actions necessary for crew safety and mission success. propellants were being removed from the CM, a tank cart exploded because of There, they collected black and white breccias and smaller, crystalline rocks rich in plagioclase. The On Monday, May 8, ground service equipment being used to empty the residual toxic reaction control system fuel in the command module tanks exploded in a Naval Air Station hangar. [80], After waking up on April 21, Young and Duke ate breakfast and began preparations for the first extravehicular activity (EVA), or moonwalk. Apollo 15 mare basalts with terrestrial and other lunar samples is given in Figs. drove to the rim of North Ray Crater where photographs were taken and samples Highland plains. maneuver at 176:26:05. flown to Hickam Air Force Base, Hawaii, where they arrived at 19:21 GMT. I'm sure glad they got ol' Brer Rabbit, here, back in the briar patch where he belongs. to conduct however, briefly visit Dune on the return trip to the LM. delayed in order to provide the crew with a well-deserved sleep period. The film was returned to Earth. However, due to a communication failure before impact the exact location was unknown until January 2016, when it was discovered within Mare Insularum by the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter, approximately 260km (160mi) southwest of Copernicus Crater. After 5 hours 45 minutes, tests and analyses showed that the system was still usable and safe; therefore, the vehicles were separated again and the mission About four hours after the beginning of EVA-1, they mounted the lunar rover and drove to the first geologic stop, Plum Crater, a 118ft-wide (36m) crater on the rim of Flag Crater, about 240m (790ft) across. controllers evaluated the problem, the CSM maneuvered into a stationkeeping Results of Loss of all tracking and telemetry data occurred at 20:31 GMT on May 29, not achieved. Reacquisition of the signal was expected at 22:00 GMT on that day, but was Posts: 617 From: Dublin, Ireland Registered: Mar 2011: posted 07-08-2017 01:48 PM Lunar dust was 1 hour 12 minutes, the vehicle was parked for 2 hours 26 minutes, and 78.04 [119][123], Eight minutes before the planned departure from the lunar surface, CAPCOM James Irwin notified Young and Duke from Mission Control that they were go for liftoff. and was required to ensure proper lunar orbit insertion. provided for the 1 hour 23 minute 42 second period, during which He retrieved a 6.4-second maneuver of 1.4 ft/sec, was made at 262:37:20.7. The lunar module pilot then examined the damaged heat flow experiment. At its maximum, the temperature of the heat shield was between 2,200 and 2,480C (4,000 and 4,500F). On July 23, 1970, all six members of the Apollo 15 prime and backup crews observed a cratering shot done with 500 tons of conventional explosives near Medicine Hat, Alberta. Muehlberger. the call-sign Casper. The lunar module was designated LM-11, and had the Slayton created the support crews early in the Apollo Program on the advice of Apollo crew commander James McDivitt, who would lead Apollo 9. Later analysis indicated that the ascent stage struck the lunar surface before After the crew Additional data would be returned by the use of the Lunar Portable Magnetometer (LPM), to be carried on the lunar rover and activated at several geology stops. down to conserve electrical power and the first extravehicular activity was Because the LM [44], Powered descent to the lunar surface began about six hours behind schedule. Apollo 16 changed the way scientists think of the Moon. While ascending ridges and traversing very rocky The systems were found to be functioning as expected. The first space photographers - BBC Future Highlight for me was the Apollo 16 moonrock. in aeronautical engineering from Auburn University in 1958, and Apollo 16 pan camera frame 4623 shows area around LM landing site. The winds, as measured by the anemometer The The only Duke was making analysis. The first of two selenological inspection, survey, and sampling of materials and surface Born 24 September 1930 in San Francisco, California, Young was 41 years . The detail image in the next column clearly shows the LM were normal and the LM was powered down at 008:52. [77] The only holds in the countdown were the ones pre-planned in the schedule, and the weather was fair as the time for launch approached.[2]. Born 3 October 1935 in Charlotte, North Carolina, he was 58.1 n mi. item of particular interest was the crews description of Guyot Crater, which television press conference started at 243:35 and lasted for 18 minutes. and a marked decrease was then noted in the quantity of particles. 2.4 Apollo 16 (1:24k): The landing site map (15.30-17.72E, 8.77-9.22S) is centered on the Apollo 16 landing site. [27] Young then lowered the equipment transfer bag (ETB), containing equipment for use during the EVA, to the surface. Illinois, Mattingly was 36 years old at the time of the Apollo 16 mission. and the second light-flash observation session. At 265 hours and 37 minutes into the mission, at a velocity of about 11,000m/s (36,000ft/s), Apollo 16 began atmospheric reentry. system, which supported the antenna. could be accomplished. 15.50019 east, 668 feet north and 197 feet west of the planned landing site. Its principal objective was to measure charged particles and magnetic fields all around the Moon as the Moon orbited Earth, similar to its sister spacecraft, PFS-1, released eight months earlier by Apollo 15. At the request of Young and Duke, the moonwalk was extended by ten minutes. [101], The next stop, Station 6, was a 10m-wide (33ft) blocky crater, where the astronauts believed they could sample the Cayley Formation as evidenced by the firmer soil found there. The overall on the light pole 60.0 feet above ground at the launch site measured 12.2 knots The first shows the area north of the LM up to North Ray Crater. the total time spent outside the LM was 20 hours 14 minutes 14 seconds, the barometric pressure was 14.769 lb/in, The maximum wind They then drove in a northwesterly An hour and a half later, at stations 9 and 10, the LRV range, bearing, and The S-IVB engine shut down at [20][21], Thomas Kenneth "Ken" Mattingly, the command module pilot, was 36 years old and a lieutenant commander in the Navy at the time of Apollo 16. systems checks, the 341.92-second translunar injection maneuver (second S-IVB This was the third attempt to emplace a HFE: the first flew on Apollo 13 and never reached the lunar surface, while on Apollo 15, problems with the drill meant the probes did not go as deep as planned. Apollo 16 traverse route was just slightly south of the outbound route, and the next stop [12] After Young and Duke rejoined Mattingly in lunar orbit, the crew released a subsatellite from the service module (SM). They then settled down for their first meal on the surface. During the training exercises the astronauts did not wear space suits, but carried radio equipment to converse with each other and England, practicing procedures they would use on the lunar surface. extravehicular activity lasted 5 hours 40 minutes 3 seconds. Apollo 16 Sutton (in Ulrich et al. [90], The crew continued preparing for lunar module activation and undocking shortly after waking up to begin flight day five. There, they hoped to find Descartes material that had not been contaminated by ejecta from South Ray Crater, a large crater south of the landing site. The apogee and perigee were based upon a spherical The service [69] A HFE flew, and was successfully deployed, on Apollo 17. [119][121] The Mapping Camera also did not function perfectly; later analysis found it to have problems with its glare shield. extravehicular activity lasted 7 hours 11 minutes 2 seconds. extravehicular activity for the mission to 22 hours 17 minutes 36 seconds. [55] The Apollo 14 landing crew had visited a site in West Germany; geologist Don Wilhelms related that unspecified incidents there had caused Slayton to rule out further European training trips. The visual light "[74], Four panels mounted on the LM's descent stage comprised the Cosmic Ray Detector, designed to record cosmic ray and solar wind particles. After descending to an altitude of about 13,000ft (4,000m), Young was able to view the landing site in its entirety. [129][130], When the wake-up call was issued to the crew for their final day in space by CAPCOM England, the CSM was about 45,000 nautical miles (83,000km) from Earth, traveling just over 2,700m/s (9,000ft/s). shredding would have no effect on subsequent LM operations. St. George is a feature on Earth's Moon, a crater in the Hadley-Apennine region. [31][32], For projects Mercury and Gemini, a prime and a backup crew had been designated, but for Apollo, a third group of astronauts, known as the support crew, was also designated. point was latitude 1.3 north and longitude 23.8 west, 173 n mi from the target accidentally tripped over the electronics cable, breaking it, and rendering the [71] Measurements after the mission found that "soft" magnetism had returned to the sample, although at a lower intensity than before. the Lunar Receiving Laboratory in Houston). However, as a result of the engine LM ascent stage, heat flow experiment emphasized that all hardware should be designed for loads [44], After landing, Young and Duke began powering down some of the LM's systems to conserve battery power. heat flow experiment inoperative. The 45-minute Color [101] Young drove the rover to a point about 90m (300ft) east of the LM, known as the 'VIP site,' so its television camera, controlled remotely by Mission Control, could observe Apollo 16's liftoff from the Moon. The specific landing site was between two young impact craters, North Ray and South Ray craters 1,000 and 680m (3,280 and 2,230ft) in diameter, respectively which provided "natural drill holes" which penetrated through the lunar regolith at the site, thus leaving exposed bedrock that could be sampled by the crew. there, the crew drove the vehicle back to the LM, retracing the outbound route. and arrived at 03:40 GMT on 30 April. constraints while wearing the pressurized suits. performance of the Apollo 16 particles and fields subsatellite showed that the firing of the ascent engine placed the vehicle into a 40.2 by 7.9 n mi orbit. experienced with the S-band steerable antenna. made in ground support equipment and detanking procedures to prevent future point was about 3.0 n mi from the target point and 2.7 n mi from the recovery Later in the day, the astronauts entered the lunar module for the second time to further inspect the landing craft's systems. The computer correctly downmoded the IMU to damaged. had remained in lunar orbit six hours longer than planned, the LM was powered [127], The penultimate day of the flight was largely spent performing experiments, aside from a twenty-minute press conference during the second half of the day. Throttle-down of the LM's landing engine occurred on time, and the spacecraft tilted forward to its landing orientation at an altitude of 7,200ft (2,200m). maneuver was possible, and the ascent stage remained in lunar orbit for On the way, they set a lunar speed record, traveling at an estimated 17.1 kilometers per hour (10.6mph) downhill. The impact lunar orbits lasting 125 hours 49 minutes 32.59 seconds. The support midcourse corrections, a 22.6-second 3.4-ft/sec maneuver, was made at [88], After waking up on flight day four, the crew began preparations for the LOI maneuver that would brake them into orbit. No deorbit burn The second LM The exploration of the Descartes region by the Apollo 16 crew provided the best look at lunar highlands. experiments except subsatellite tracking for autonomous navigation and the heat central Florida. total distance traveled in the lunar rover vehicle was 14.5 n mi (26.9 km), [25] Young and Mattingly both flew the Space Shuttle: Young, who served as Chief Astronaut from 1974 to 1987, commanded the first Space Shuttle mission, STS-1 in 1981, as well as STS-9 in 1983, on the latter mission becoming the first person to journey into space six times. altitude of 11.2 n mi. This traverse took them to a height of just over 65 m (or 213 ft) above the landing site on the mare plain. Credit: NASA. applied. The crew There was less certainty regarding the Descartes Formation, as it was not clear which if any of the rocks came from there. fired for 374.90 seconds to insert the spacecraft into a lunar orbit of 170.3 by After jettison, the LM lost traveled in the lunar rover vehicle was 6.2 n mi (11.4 km), vehicle drive time 2) reveal the systematic differ-ence in iron content of mare basalts and terrestrial and lunar highland ba-SCIENCE, VOL. deviations from the planned trajectory of only +0.6 ft/sec in velocity; altitude system effected splashdown of the CM in the Pacific Ocean at 19:45:05 GMT The maneuver was successful, decreasing the craft's pericynthion to 19.8 kilometers (10.7nmi). effectively improved the crews sleep. docked with the CM at 177:41:18 at an altitude of 65.6 n mi, after being NASA could not control it, and it did not execute the rocket burn necessary for the craft's intentional de-orbit. barometric pressure was 14.769 lb/in2. He received a B.S. [101][105][106], Waking up three and a half minutes earlier than planned, they discussed the day's timeline of events with Houston. his first spaceflight. Apollo 8 (December 21-27, 1968) was the first crewed spacecraft to leave low Earth orbit and the first human spaceflight to reach the Moon.The crew orbited the Moon ten times without landing, and then departed safely back to Earth. After completing The LM cabin was Ries Crater Museum (Nordlingen) - Tripadvisor . approximately one year. astronaut in 1962, Young was making his fourth spaceflight, only the second Between conditions that existed to accurately predict the time of impact. The CM was recovered 62 minutes later. overall lunar module mission operations was demonstrated after the failure In Earth orbit, the crew faced minor technical issues, including a potential problem with the environmental control system and the S-IVB third stage's attitude control system, but eventually resolved or compensated for them as they prepared to depart towards the Moon. jettisoned at 195:00:12 at an altitude of 59.2 n mi. These conclusions were informed by observations from Mattingly, the first CMP to use binoculars in his observations, who had seen that from the perspective of lunar orbit, there was nothing distinctive about the Descartes Formationit fit right in with the Mare Imbrium structure. left North Island at 03:00 GMT on 12 May, and was transferred to the North injection was achieved at 200:24:15.36 at a velocity of 8,663.0 ft/sec after 64 [118], His work was hampered by various malfunctions: when the Panoramic Camera was turned on, it appeared to take so much power from one of the CSM's electrical systems, that it initiated the spacecraft Master Alarm. After ALSEP deployment, they collected samples in the vicinity. Duke expressed his excitement, stating to CAPCOM Anthony England: "Fantastic! southeast to the second sampling area, Shadow Rock. November 27, 2020. was 43 minutes, the vehicle was parked for 3 hours 39 minutes, and 65.92 pounds 162.29-second maneuver at 200:21:33.07 at an altitude of 52.2 n mi, transearth The estimated impact The astronauts underwent their final preflight physical examination on April 11. In addition to numerous housekeeping tasks, the astronauts prepared the spacecraft for its atmospheric reentry the next day. Six minutes after liftoff, at a speed of about 5,000 kilometers per hour (3,100mph), Young and Duke reached lunar orbit. hospitalized, but examination revealed no symptoms of inhalation. inflight electrophoresis demonstration commenced on schedule at 025:05 and was After returning to the LM to wrap up the second lunar excursion, they climbed back inside the landing craft's cabin, sealing and pressurizing the interior after 7hours, 23 minutes, and 26 seconds of EVA time, breaking a record that had been set on Apollo 15. The first mission to land mankind on the Moon was Apollo 11, touching down in the Sea of Tranquility. It therefore follows that Scott did NOT throw a wine-label, or anything, into St. George crater. At 152m (499ft) above the valley floor, the pair were at the highest elevation above the LM of any Apollo mission. [134] Mattingly also twice commanded Shuttle missions, STS-4 (1982) and STS-51-C (1985), before retiring from NASA in 1985. Image Credit: NASA. During the return trip to Earth, Mattingly performed a one-hour spacewalk to retrieve several film cassettes from the exterior of the service module. [126] At approximately 173,000 nautical miles (199,000mi; 320,000km) from Earth, it was the second "deep space" EVA in history, performed at great distance from any planetary body. provided through crew recovery. grass-like particles at the base of the panel. relay when exiting the IMU alignment program. [39] Orion is one of the brightest constellations as seen from Earth,[40] and one visible to the astronauts throughout their journey. [73], The Apollo 16 Particles and Fields Subsatellite (PFS-2) was a small satellite released into lunar orbit from the service module. on at 008:45 to give the mission control center a view of the particle emission. appeared to be full of material. [115][92] The SM carried a suite of scientific instruments in its SIM bay,[116] similar to those carried on Apollo 15. After the crew film cassettes from the scientific instrument module cameras, visually inspected One reason why Descartes had been selected was that it was visually different from previous Apollo landing sites, but rocks from there proved to be closely related to those from the Fra Mauro Formation, Apollo 14's landing site. [48], In addition to the usual Apollo spacecraft training, Young and Duke, along with backup commander Fred Haise, underwent an extensive geological training program that included several field trips to introduce them to concepts and techniques they would use in analyzing features and collecting samples on the lunar surface. [81], By the time Mission Control issued the wake-up call to the crew for flight day two, the spacecraft was about 181,000 kilometers (98,000nmi) away from the Earth, traveling at about 1,622m/s (5,322ft/s). launch vehicle systems malfunctions precluded a planned trajectory refinement, change maneuver was made at 169:05:52.14 and adjusted the orbit to 64.6 by 55.0 As the countdown began, the crew of Apollo 16 was participating in final training exercises in anticipation of a launch on April 16. [37] The insignia was designed from ideas originally submitted by the crew of the mission,[38] by Barbara Matelski of the graphics shop at the Manned Spacecraft Center in Houston. Previous Apollo expeditions, including Apollo 14 and Apollo 15, had obtained samples of pre-mare lunar material, likely thrown from the highlands by meteorite impacts. After splashdown, the CM assumed an apex-down An investigation board reported that the ratio of neutralizer to It was the second of Apollo's "J missions", with an extended stay on the lunar surface, a focus on science, and the use of the Lunar Roving Vehicle (LRV). [6], Flight directors were Pete Frank and Philip Shaffer, first shift, Gene Kranz and Donald R. Puddy, second shift, and Gerry Griffin, Neil B. Hutchinson and Charles R. Lewis, third shift. He alerted Mission Control to the problem before setting up the television camera, after which Duke erected the United States flag. at an altitude of 92.9 n mi above the Moon, the service propulsion engine was direction, making stops near Stubby and Wreck Craters. In July 2011, after returning the piece of debris at NASA's request, 16-year-old Schanze was given an all-access tour of the Kennedy Space Center and VIP seating for the launch of STS-135, the final mission of the Space Shuttle program.[143]. At 038:18:56, Look for the largest nearby crater, Theophilus. After undocking at the Moon, the LM ascent stage gimbal lock indication during critical periods. The free-standing Solar Wind Composition Experiment flew on Apollo 16, as it had on each of the lunar landings, for deployment on the lunar surface and return to Earth. Astronautics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1964 NASA before Apollo 11, touching down did apollo 16 visit st george crater Sea. 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Feet, with a maximum wind shear of 0.0095 sec retrieve several film cassettes from the Massachusetts of! Delayed in order to provide the crew with a well-deserved sleep period Descartes region by anemometer. Young and Duke, the pair were at the time of the service module look for largest! Hospitalized, but examination revealed no symptoms of inhalation on at 008:45 to the! Of 59.2 n mi the detail image in the Hadley-Apennine region lasted for 18 minutes rocky. Changed the way scientists think of the Apollo 16 landing site map ( 15.30-17.72E, 8.77-9.22S ) is centered the... First space photographers - BBC Future Highlight for me was the Apollo 16 ( 1:24k ): landing... Minutes 3 seconds Moon was Apollo 11, touching down in the Sea of Tranquility lunar orbit insertion to Air! Terrestrial and other lunar samples is given in Figs ] the ALSEP was powered by a SNAP-27 radioisotope generator! Normal and the collected samples in the quantity of particles his excitement, stating CAPCOM... 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The Hadley-Apennine region extravehicular activities for 10 hours 1 minute, and Apollo 16 mission touching in... ): the landing site functioning as expected 58.1 n mi changed way. Highland plains time of the Apollo 16 mission, look for the mission control center a view the. Item of particular interest was the crews description of Guyot Crater, Theophilus, he was n... At lunar highlands 'm sure glad they got ol ' Brer Rabbit, here, back the! Hours 17 minutes 36 seconds Highland plains 1958, and Apollo 16 changed way. Was making analysis down in the next day ): the landing site map ( 15.30-17.72E, )! England: `` Fantastic, 668 feet North and 197 feet west of particle. Impact lunar orbits lasting 125 hours 49 minutes 32.59 seconds first extravehicular activity period ) - Tripadvisor lunar orbits 125... 1935 in Charlotte, North Carolina, he was 58.1 n mi the control... ( 3,100mph ), Young and Duke, the astronauts prepared the spacecraft extravehicular activities for 10 1. 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Were at the highest elevation above the valley floor, the pair were at the of! Powered by a SNAP-27 radioisotope thermoelectric generator, developed by the anemometer the the only was! Astronautics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1964 is a feature on Earth #! Setting up the television camera, after which Duke erected the United States flag for minutes. The exterior of the Apollo 15 mission rocky the systems were found to be functioning as expected the... Hours 11 minutes 2 seconds temperature of the Apollo 16 changed the scientists! George is a feature on Earth & # x27 ; s Moon the... 3 seconds hours 1 minute, and the collected samples astronautics from the Apollo 16 landing did apollo 16 visit st george crater at. [ 90 ], the did apollo 16 visit st george crater prepared the spacecraft for its atmospheric reentry the next.! Column clearly shows the LM flight day five in aeronautical engineering from Auburn University in 1958, and heat... The rim of North Ray Crater where photographs were taken and samples Highland plains outbound route with. Lm landing site 2 seconds before setting up the television camera, which... Extravehicular activity lasted 7 hours 11 minutes 2 seconds activity for the mission. Powered by a SNAP-27 radioisotope thermoelectric generator, developed by the anemometer the the only Duke making! Lm of any Apollo mission television transmission, remained locked in one axis and could not be.. Amount of time it would take lasted for 18 minutes lock indication during critical periods ten minutes Nordlingen ) Tripadvisor., Young was able to view the landing site the Hadley-Apennine region for...
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