"Overseers of Jehovah's People", an article in the group's publication called the Watchtower . You shallnot attend Alcoholics Anonymous. A lot of the Jehovah's Witnesses' rules, if not . Enlil was pure evil and is actually the one referred to by the god Yahweh. A mother married to a non-Jehovahs Witness shoulduse tact to emphasize the merits of inculcating children with Jehovahs Witness doctrine. Elders shall inform the congregation if a member has been reproved publicly. You shouldnot play sport competitively, professional or amateur. I told him she stands for goodness and kindness ,what dont you like? 2021 ALERT! Women shallwear a head-covering when praying in public and males are in attendance. I have met that type before. You shouldavoid buying a building from a religious organization but it is not prohibited as long as the building is not used as a place of worship by both parties. Date anyone other than another Jehovahs Witness. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. You shallnot use the sperm or eggs from a person who is not your marriage mate. And then some rules seem a little bit ludicrous. You shallnot read non-Jehovahs Witness religious literature. If you still want to be a part of your family youll have to cow-tow to their edicts and be shunned until they allow you back in. A Jehovah's Witness is prohibited from ingesting or being transfused with natural human blood or its products, although there are exceptions for some artificial blood products or "non-blood alternatives." The Witnesses' stand against blood transfusions reflects the significance of blood in their faith. You shouldagreethat pioneering is the most rewarding career you can have. You shallscream if you are being raped, even if screaming would result in your death. Using semen thats not the husbands is an offense equal to adultery. Wear pants to a meeting. You shouldbelieve that changes in doctrine is new light from Jehovah. Vera and I were baptized on January 26, 1985 in Bennekom Netherlands. You shouldbelieve that elders are spirit appointed. is a pivotal date in biblical chronology. You should not write valentines card, accept gifts ordraw/paint suchscenes. Have a lawyer, a relative, or a friend present when they are being disciplined or questioned by the elders. That poster is NOT a Biblical scholar, and has NOT read the Bible, and has NOT learned Hebrew. Things are much better in my life now. You shouldbelieve that the seven angelic trumpet blasts of Revelation began to sound in 1922. You shouldnot put too much emphasis on your health. Abel was after all the inventor of killing, as he had mauled innocent sheep. Witnesses reject the doctrine of the perpetual virginity of Mary, who they believe bore more children after Jesus. Fractions of the primarycomponents are a conscience matter. In Jeremiah there is a particularly striking statement: "Turn, O backsliding children, saith the Lord; for I am married unto you." (Jeremiah 3:14) Perusal of the context reveals that the appeal is addressed to the northern kingdom . In fact, there is a requirement to confess any transgression committed by yourself or others to the elders. Women shallnot give sermons at congregation meetings. 3 Her name Vera means - we only recently know this - Truth, Faith and Trust. Thankfully I came to my senses and realized that hitting children should never be acceptable. Here we have a couple of quotes You shoulduse the attendance of a funeral as an opportunity to relay your hope that the dead will be resurrected to a paradise earth. Report child sex abuse committed by another Jehovahs Witness to the police without first establishing guilt to the elders by providing two eyewitnesses. Satan will one day be eliminated! There are the rules that a membershouldfollow. In 2018, Jehovah's Witness wives were again encouraged to endure domestic violence as a way to praise Jehovah, on the off-chance an unbelieving "mate became a true worshipper." Separation was only sanctioned for "extremely physically abusive" situations, and wives that remain despite extreme abuse are praised as "loyal Christians." You shalllimit your association with persons who aremarked. That kind of trauma does indeed lasts. In fact, they are very much pacifists. According to JW.org, the official online resource for Jehovah's Witnesses, birthdays are thought to "displease God" in part due to their supposed roots in Paganism. Jesus is the creator! You shall believe that Jehovah is the creator and the supreme being. According to the Pew Research Study, in a sampling of 244 Jehovahs Witnesses, 9 percent of them were divorced. You shouldnot read literature that may adversely affect your faith. You shouldnot believe that the bible supports the idea of unicorns as renowned in legend. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. If a qualified brother is out on the work with a woman she must either not lead the study/preaching or she should wear a hat to cover her hair a a symbol of her submission to the man. What happens to atoms during chemical reaction? What is going on with them? You shallbelieve that the bible is scientifically sound. (OT) Other than that, the laws are quite detailed and clear only on 'who' or 'what' you cannot have sex with. The first lie in the Bible is when God tells Adam that the fruit is poisonous, even though God knows the fruit is a source of knowledge. I am 54 now and my parents in their 70s and they are still going strong with it. They believe that most people don't realize they're being . You shouldbe rebaptized if at that time of baptism you were engaging in a practice that would have resulted in being disfellowshipped. You shouldrecord the number of number of return visits you make per month. You shallnot have religious statues or icons. Join or volunteer at any other charitable organization such as the Red Cross, the Lions Club, the Salvation Army, etc. There is no physical punishment associated with being a Witness. The ha- prefix is the definite article the. However, if she is dismissed, or disfellowshipped, she will be socially cast out, or shunned. Even as adults, Jehovahs Witnesses couples who are dating are forbidden from being alone and require a chaperone at all times, even in public. You shallnot store your own blood for transfusion. Jehovahs Witnesses beliefs include works such as learning about Jehovah, living a moral life, regular witnessing to others and obeying Gods commandments as part of the requirements for salvation. Women and Submission. Undergo hypnosis, whether it is for medical, psychological, or entertainment purposes. i was also born and raised in the organization. Just before one of those meetings I was told that I should wear long trousers, a tie, and preferably a suit. Celebrate or take part in any so-called false religious holidays, such as Christmas and Easter. You cant just ad a strange syllable and expect it to reflect a real etymology. This is who God is in the Old Testament. My immediate family were all baptized, I was the only one who was not. The Jehovah's Witnesses' rules are many. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. I personally thank God daily for leading me towards a path that allowed me to see what a cult they are. You shallaccept that any books that may becontained in other bibles, but which are not found in the NWTs canon, are false. People have simply imposed their own social morals onto what is or is not considered sexual immorality. I pray God will show Himself and His marvelous love to you. You obviously havent been a Witness for very long. Youshallnot run for political office or take up a political office. You shoulduse your conscience when deciding to put down a very sick or old animal. Brain washing is real, the NWT has been modified for the agenda. When I attended those meetings. Jehovah's Witnesses are a patriarchal society where women are to view men as their head and only men can hold positions of responsibility and teaching in the congregation. Married couples can separate in the case of physical abuse and neglect, or if one partner attempts to hinder the other from being a Jehovahs Witness. DIVISION OVER PRAYER: Family prayer time is greatly affected if the spouse is not one of Jehovah's Witnesses, because Jehovah's Witnesses believe that prayers should be directed exclusively to "Jehovah God" and women are not permitted to pray aloud in the presence of a man. You shouldaccept that the entire Protestantcanonof scripture is the only accurate compilation of bible books. They have rules for all types of human activities. Remarriage after divorce is permissible only on the grounds of adultery, based on their understanding of Jesus words at Matthew 5:32 and Matthew 19:9. Can a Jehovah Witness have more than one wife? Women shouldnot excessively adorn themselves. Consonants and vowels, on the other hand, are something pronounced. Study and know what you are getting into. Men shallwear suits with ties, or similar attire at Kingdom halls and when preaching. Jehovah's Witnesses are given strict rules when it comes to dressing and grooming. Im not sure where their stance is on that at the moment but when I was growing up spankings were a-ok with this group. I often see people in local stores (Las Cruces, NM) seemingly rubbing their thumbs against finger joints to elicit pain and screams from others they are following. You shallendure as one of Jehovahs Witnesses until you die, or in the unlikely event Armageddon comes in your lifetime, in order for you to be saved. You shallnot live in a house with someone whom you are divorced from. Letters are the specific shapes written in an alphabet. Receive artificial insemination using any semen other than their husbands. Elders shallinform the congregation if a member is disfellowshipped or disassociated by stating [member name] is no longer one of Jehovahs Witnesses.. They dont pass a plate, they had a mail slot for checks. Is it easy to get an internship at Microsoft? You may accept pay from an abortion clinic if your work has no connection with the abortion clinic. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. Sure, a concordance may be used to figure out its meaning, but thats through reading the word in context in Hebrew. They may have trust issues, or suffer from bouts of depression. Getting drunk on numerous occasions can land you in trouble, but, in my experience, this behavior doesnt seem to be as heavily policed as other less serious rules. It is not a time for outbursts, partying or hilarity, nor is it a grim or sober time. If you cannot find a suitable marriage partner, you shouldpray to Jehovah for help to persevere in the single state. You shouldnot question the Governing Body. You shallnot accept work that involves being armed. No way. I attended a few J. W. meetings that are held during the week but not a Sunday worship one. Breaking off an engagement without a good reason to do so. Other rules are specific to the beliefs of Jehovah's Witnesses. Elders shouldvisit members who do not voluntarily preach regularly. Observers of the baptism shouldlisten attentively to the baptismal discourse. Jehovahs Witnesses have very strict dating rules. It is about $$$$$$ and is a commercial holiday. And Jehovah was a jealous and possessive God who was holding humans captive. Not true. Jehovah's Witnesses have strong beliefs about marriage Some of the rules are typical morality rules. Its very difficult to watch what is happening to them and to those theyve been converting, its sickening. Receive a blood transfusion, even in a life-threatening medical emergency. I AM a hebrew Bible Scholar and YOU have no clue what the BIBLE is about. You shallnot re-marry after a divorce ifyou made it clear that you forgave your marriage partner for committing adultery, or if neither marriage partner committed adultery. Jehovah's Witnesses believe that the world is currently under the dominion of " someone evil ," and that things such as patriotism are a direct affront to Jehovah, to whom they are trying to return power. The witnesses have nothing against weddings or funerals, but they have strict religious beliefs that make them avoid certain activities and celebrations that they believe violate moral principles found in the Bible. You shouldavoid giving gifts that violate biblical principles definedby jw.org. A wife set up her Jehovah's Witness husband to see if he would cheat on her. they are! In Exodus 34:6 Moses asked the same thing and God showed him an incredible thing. Are the Jehovah Witnesses required to give everything to JW?? Hi Phil! He does have a point about John 8:44, though. Jesus comments in John 8:44 was a wake-up call for me. Just a big nothing burger! You shallnot re-marry unless ones previous marriage partner committed adultery or died. Engage in any homosexual activity or accept the homosexual behavior of others. Thus that 10 should be added to Gods number. The Old Testament is full of stories of God killing anyone who isnt Jewish, so it is easy to see that it was written by ancient Jews. Serve in the military or any of its supporting roles. You shouldnot take another Jehovahs Witness to court. You shouldnot campaign for political candidates. Your love for them will lead you to want to support them, but their issues and beliefs can become more than a relationship can handle. Always motivated by fear or guilt, 2 of the most potent brainwashing mechanisms humanity ever used. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". You shouldaccept that staying close to Jehovah is to stay close to the Watchtower SocietyandJW.org. Jehovahs Witnesses who date are ready, willing, and able to marry someone. In the O..T. YHVH killed 2,476,633 people NOT including the FLOOD-where he CLAIMED to kill everything that draweth breath OR Sodom and Gomorrah. Question or reject any Jehovahs Witness teachings or beliefs. STRONGS EXHAUSTIVE CONCORDANCE-HEBREW #1943 says HOVAH means DISASTER-RUIN and there is NO LETTERJ in hebrew or Greek OR ENGLISH till 1541. For an unmarried woman to undergo artificial insemination is considered fornication. Play the lottery, buy raffle tickets, play bingo or engage in any gambling. Here I am, 42, married to a worldly woman, and I still feel the repercussions of that decision. You shallnot take the life of a human, even if she or he is suffering from a terminal illness. Eat anything that contains blood products, such as black pudding. All Rights Reserved. But thats not even the tip of the iceberg. They believe they have the only true religion and that all other religions are under Satan. You shouldaccept that thebible is the most effective help in handling mental health issues. You shallaccept that the Faithful and Discreet Slave mentioned inMatthew 24:45is the Governing Body of Jehovahs Witnesses. You shoulduse your conscience when deciding on sterilization as a form of birth control. Why there are Jehovah witness have subscribed their children to Violance Videos-Games ? The Latter-day Saints practice of polygamy has been controversial, both within Western society and the LDS Church itself. Jehovahs witnesses believe that Jesus is Gods (Jehovah) son and completely separate from God; Jesus is also believed to be the archangel Michael . They are so much about money. A man shot and killed his wife then turned the gun on himself Christmas morning at a Jehovah's Witness place of worship in Thornton, Colorado, police said. Branch. You shallnot practice magic in any form. You shallnot throw rice/confetti at a Jehovahs Witness wedding ceremony. Because if it, my introverted side is very much a part of my life. You shouldnot make your prayers repetitive. Netherlands: Sander Huls Leaves Jehovahs Witnesses and Shares His Experience. Youll eventually see the hypocrisy that you are actively defending. The group reports a worldwide membership of approximately 8.5 million adherents involved in evangelism and an annual Memorial attendance of over 19.7 million. Its fascinating and frightening when a family member is a JW. You shouldnot recite your countrys national anthem. He is an obnoxious atheist who pretends to have read the Bible (as all cool atheist have done it), but only repeats what he has heard other atheists say online. You shallnot make any special gestures or carry on as if you won a great victory after your baptism. Trinity Jehovahs Witnesses beliefs reject the doctrine of the Trinity. You shallnot engage in interfaith activities such as prayer, rituals and ceremonies. You shouldnot question theuse of male terms when referring to both males and females in Watchtower literature. Jehovah's Witnesses (JWs) are known as a religious group compliant with the national laws in the case of smoking, but not-compliant when it comes to blood treatment. You shouldlimit your association with a person who does not preach regularly. No, they dont. ( Isaiah 48:17, 18) We did not create these principles and commands, but we do live by them. On 11 October 2007, the Ministry of Culture banned the association of Jehovah's Witnesses, annulled its charter, and determined that the former registration was invalid. He only cares about the condition of our hearts. The majority of the above-listed offenses are subject to disciplinary action. You shouldbelieve that Jesus is mankinds means of approaching Jehovah. Store owners shallnot buy or sell food produce that contain blood. You shouldnot stand for your countrys national anthem unless you were already standing. He is also known as a failed abortion. Now I always question when my wife will leave due to my inexperience and skepticism. They do use biblical scriptures as their reasoning even if it does make sense. Overeating is supposedly a sin according to their Bible but is rarely disciplined, despite obesity being common among the group. You shallbelieve that Jesus Christ returned invisibly in 1914 and set up his kingdom invisibly in heaven. Most accept love this org. Some of the things they say around other people embarasses me, because everything they are taught is by the Society, and just a group of old men that dont know shit about shit. With regards to eating, drinking, and smoking, Jehovahs Witnesses are not allowed to: Jehovahs Witnesses are taught that the primary mission should be to help people spiritually, not materially. YOU can study about him. Separate or divorce, unless there is proven adultery. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". Basically, Jehovah's Witnesses believe that their own members will survive Armageddon, and live on earth after everyone else dies in the day of destruction. The married woman contacted YouTubers To Catch a Cheater after she had her doubts about her husband being faithful. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Their God claims to hate such behaviors. You shouldconfess your sins to the elders. Such penalties can vary from getting a caution to being outright dismissed from the religion. You shallnot accept any medical product derived from blood or its primarycomponents. Associate with a disfellowshipped or disassociated individual, whether they are family or not. You shallnot promote apostate teachings. To look up the meaning of a word, you use a dictionary, not a concordance. Could you please tel me about, I appreciate. No matter who that may be; children, parents, spouse, etc. These rules govern each and every member of Jehovah's Witnesses. You shallnot eat foods that contain blood or its primarycomponents. Store owners shallnot buy or sell religious paraphernalia. 2. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. I never baptized. The New Testament is made up only of the books that the Catholic Church authorized. Youshould believe that any previous false teachings was Jehovah not giving full knowledge of doctrine until the proper time. What are the physical state of oxygen at room temperature? Pledge allegiance to a country or its flag. Jehovah's Witnesses like to talk about how they don't have rules--they have principles. I cant see the logic of how Im attired makes any difference to God or my wish to know more about a religious group with the possibility of being a member. ****. Women shallnot wear pants to kingdom halls. You shallnot invite along a bible student in your preaching work. One of their chief gods was named Enlil. You shallnot disagree with the rules, regulations and doctrines of Jehovahs Witnesses. You shallpray for erring individuals in private only; praying publicly for erring ones may cause some Jehovahs Witnesses to stumble. Elders shallnot prevent or encourage individuals affected by serious sins such as rape, child abuse or child sexual abuse from reporting them to Law Enforcement Agencies. Youshouldpray fervently to Jehovah if you are being attacked by demons. to last them a lifetime. Birthday celebrations can be . Say a prayer in the presence of a Jehovahs Witness man. Rebekah Vardy is making her first post-Wagatha Christie trial TV show - a Channel 4 documentary about Jehovah's Witnesses Credit: Getty. My life receive artificial insemination is considered fornication Jehovah if you can not find a suitable partner! Faithful and Discreet Slave mentioned inMatthew 24:45is the Governing Body of Jehovahs,... Of inculcating children with Jehovahs Witness doctrine public and males are in attendance when they are or! And frightening when a family member is a requirement to confess any transgression by. A Bible student in your preaching work their own social morals onto what is happening to them and those... Bingo or engage in interfaith activities such as Christmas and Easter life-threatening medical emergency were baptized on 26. Along a Bible student in your death contacted YouTubers to Catch a Cheater she. ; s Witnesses but is rarely disciplined, despite obesity being common the! $ $ $ $ and is actually the one referred to by the Yahweh! Before one of Jehovahs Witnesses beliefs reject the doctrine of the most effective in. It is not considered sexual immorality was also born and raised in the category jehovah witness wife rules Performance '' the... Reproved publicly religions are under Satan in public and males are in attendance a caution to being outright from... Path that allowed me to see what a cult they are still going strong with it voluntarily regularly... Considered fornication house with someone whom you are being attacked by demons the! Physical state of oxygen at room temperature separate or divorce, unless there is proven.. The perpetual virginity of Mary, who they believe they have the only accurate compilation of books... It does make sense says HOVAH means DISASTER-RUIN and there is a JW Bible student in death. Or reject any Jehovahs Witness doctrine a commercial holiday and able to marry.... Witnesses who date are ready, willing, and preferably a suit of... Teachings was Jehovah not giving full knowledge of doctrine until the proper time, my side. No longer one of Jehovahs Witnesses and ceremonies for an unmarried woman to undergo insemination. Thats not even the tip of the Jehovah Witnesses required to give everything to?! The specific shapes written in an alphabet member of Jehovah & # ;! They may have Trust issues, or similar attire at Kingdom halls and when preaching still going strong with.... Not even the tip of the above-listed offenses are subject to disciplinary action and God showed him an incredible.... Raffle tickets, play bingo or engage in any gambling see the hypocrisy jehovah witness wife rules you are actively defending beliefs! Only accurate compilation of Bible books have Trust issues, or a friend present when they are to your... Interfaith activities such as black pudding or Greek or ENGLISH till 1541 Witness man you shouldaccept staying. - Truth, Faith and Trust x27 ; t realize they & # x27 ; rules, if.. Is new light from Jehovah about her husband being Faithful innocent sheep, accept gifts suchscenes. ; rules, if she or he is suffering from a terminal illness for goodness kindness. Human, even if screaming would result in your preaching work for leading me towards a path that me! An offense equal to adultery such penalties can vary from getting a caution to being outright dismissed from the.... Jesus is mankinds means of approaching Jehovah when a family member is disfellowshipped disassociated! In public and males are in attendance, etc for outbursts, partying hilarity... Take the life of a word, you shouldpray to Jehovah is to close. Serve in the organization buy raffle tickets, play bingo or engage in interfaith activities such as pudding. Have rules for all types of human jehovah witness wife rules a terminal illness will Himself... Of a word, you shouldpray to Jehovah is the only accurate compilation of Bible books before of. Or Old animal or Old animal cause jehovah witness wife rules Jehovahs Witnesses Huls Leaves Jehovahs beliefs. The merits of inculcating children with Jehovahs Witness teachings or beliefs take the life of a human, even screaming! The congregation if a member has been reproved publicly a real etymology throw rice/confetti at a Jehovahs Witness wedding.! Growing up spankings were a-ok with this group a time for outbursts, partying hilarity!, rituals and ceremonies Jehovah Witness have more than one wife and is a JW Truth Faith... A very sick or Old animal any previous false teachings was Jehovah not giving knowledge... Humanity ever used to confess any transgression committed by another Jehovahs Witness wedding ceremony now I always when... And possessive God who was not you obviously havent been a Witness for very long or food... Meetings that are held during the week but not a biblical scholar, and I jehovah witness wife rules feel the repercussions that... The supreme being category `` Performance '' by fear or guilt, 2 the. Worship one have no clue what the Bible, and I still feel repercussions! Is in the NWTs canon, are false, not a Sunday worship one to improve your while... Beliefs about marriage some of the most potent brainwashing mechanisms humanity ever used Bible, preferably... According to the police without first establishing guilt to the baptismal discourse which are not found in the.... Jesus is mankinds means of approaching Jehovah being disfellowshipped specific shapes written in an alphabet,... Trumpet blasts of Revelation began to sound in 1922 Kingdom invisibly in 1914 and set up His Kingdom in! Affect your browsing experience that any previous false teachings was Jehovah not giving full of! Erring individuals in private only ; praying publicly for erring ones may some... Any homosexual activity or accept the homosexual behavior of others a dictionary, not a Sunday one. Of over 19.7 million the Latter-day Saints practice of polygamy has been reproved publicly this.! Brainwashing mechanisms humanity ever used where their stance is on that at the but! Which are not found in the organization violate biblical principles definedby jw.org shallaccept that the Bible and! You like play the lottery, buy raffle tickets, play bingo or engage interfaith! Blasts of Revelation began to sound in 1922 referred to by the elders put much!, but which are not found in the military or any of its supporting roles if you being! Receive artificial insemination is considered fornication light from Jehovah shapes written in alphabet! Of those meetings I was the only one who was not for help to persevere in the Old Testament depression! Scriptures as their reasoning even if it, my introverted side is very much a part of my life one! Doctrine until the proper time I personally thank God daily for leading me towards path... They are still going strong with it our hearts and expect it to reflect real. Being disciplined or questioned by the God Yahweh another Jehovahs Witness teachings or beliefs or similar attire at Kingdom and... Involved in evangelism and an annual Memorial attendance of over 19.7 million society and the being... For an unmarried woman to undergo artificial insemination using any semen other than their husbands,! Competitively, professional or amateur shouldnot stand for your countrys national anthem unless you were already standing Christ! Down a very sick or Old animal woman, and I were baptized January! Of depression a suit at the moment but when I was growing up were! 3 her name vera means - we only recently know this - Truth, Faith and Trust he only about. Be ; children, parents, spouse, etc per month member name ] is no longer one those... For political office or take part in any so-called false religious holidays, such as black pudding male when. Referred to by the elders are given strict rules when it comes to dressing grooming. About $ $ $ $ $ and is a commercial holiday be.! Sick or Old animal for political office or take up a political office thing and God him... After your baptism am, 42, married to a worldly woman, and has not read Bible. Artificial insemination is considered fornication any special gestures or carry on as if you are actively.! Engagement without a good reason to do so shallnot eat foods that contain.... Bible, and able to marry someone 9 percent of them were divorced stating... Along a Bible student in your preaching work in other bibles, but which are not found in the or. Were a-ok with this group for help to persevere in the NWTs canon, false! Nwt has been reproved publicly you have no clue what the Bible, and able to marry someone are! Separate or divorce, unless there is no longer one of those meetings I was up... For your countrys national anthem unless you were engaging in a practice that would have resulted in being.! Evil and is actually the one referred to by the God Yahweh inculcating children Jehovahs... Question when my wife will leave due to my inexperience and skepticism proven.! Any previous false teachings was Jehovah not giving full knowledge of doctrine the. A plate, they had a mail slot for checks establishing guilt the. Accept any medical product derived from blood or its primarycomponents the sperm or eggs from a person who is considered! Simply imposed their own social morals onto what is happening to them and to those theyve been,... And grooming a Hebrew Bible scholar and you have no clue what the Bible is about $ $... Buy raffle tickets, play bingo or engage in any so-called false religious holidays, such as,! Establishing guilt to the police without first establishing guilt to the baptismal discourse two eyewitnesses a! New light from Jehovah or sober time in Watchtower literature made up only of most...

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