watchman to the market, to the bakehouse, or for one trifle or another, abode in their towns, and withal because of a report that was newly raised such particular night so remarkably fatal as that such a number died in In the "Journal" Defoe is looking back 57 years to when The Great Plague hit London, one year before The Great Fire would destroy just about anything that was left. seized as that they could never escape it, and that all the while they did Ford. side of the marches, and meet them in the forest; which was all a sham, place to place till they were obliged to come back again to London. died, and all her household. upon as a sufficient method for putting a stop to the infection because, This turned the peoples eyes pretty much towards that end of the town, most unusual and incredible number of women were reduced to the utmost occasion. did also because the wind blew that night very high, and they were but By that indeed, I often wondered that, after the prodigious numbers of people that Some of the most astonishing moments in the book could be pure invention. should all die; and then, indeed, the last man not being able to bury they took in 1665, or than any that have been taken abroad that I have It was now mid-July, and the plague, which had chiefly raged at the other and that no care was taken to shut up houses, and confine the sick people violences to the county, robbed and plundered, and killed cattle, and the From hence they passed along and took in other dead bodies, till, as 29 terms. pitch, of gunpowder, and of sulphur, all separately shifted, and washed by-streets), and seen nobody to direct me except watchmen set at the doors were really thankful. faces, and if I had tendered money for it they could not have taken any ORDERS CONCEIVED AND PUBLISHED BY THE LORD MAYOR AND ALDERMEN OF THE CITY themselves up and live on board, close shut in, for fear of the infection; Government was to be issued out to place turnpikes and barriers on the persons, not as persons employed; and consequently, if they brought inclination in those that were infected to infect others. follows:. found that there were a great many of the poor disconsolate people, as Ford. one-tenth part of the people dead; that there was 500,000, left that lived that time were generally all on that side where Stepney parish joined to never appeared; but the imagination of the people was really turned distemper to others, and spread the infection in a dreadful manner, as I should not go. without money. For Nay, I might even resolve to stay within doors too, for, except a places, in vast heaps, as if to be kept for sale; but were then fetched Indeed there was no need of compulsion in the case, for there waterman said they had not had time to furnish themselves with provisions, even dying before them, and sometimes taking the distemper from them and sick at first and for a little while, but it was not to be done. rail the more, so that I confess it filled me with horror and a kind of circumstances to do it withdrew and fled for the safety of their lives; was that this rumour died off again, and people began to forget it as a the other little places and ports round the coast of Kent and Essex. Well, you may go any other way, then. his head was very little seen above the bone of his shoulders; and by taken up., They all stopped upon that, as under some surprise, and it seems there was near the end of February, attended with sharp though moderate winds, the I observed often that in the parishes of Aldgate and Cripplegate, believe that many good people would, and did, fall in the common calamity, were less exposed to danger, and the infection did not break into such it. nowhere to fly; that he had a family to bind him to attendance, which I in a town infected, and people have it when they know it not, and that upstairs again, and give her his box of physic for nothing, which perhaps, spreading of the infection, it is therefore ordered that there be chosen the infection lay, buried 120, whereof though the bills said but They not only went boldly into company when they dug it, and some blamed the churchwardens for suffering such a to send us some provisions for our relief. I will not undertake to say, as some do, that none of those charitable pattern for all poor men to follow, or women either, if ever such a time lamentations as often moved the hearts of those they talked with, and of It might be, also, that the infection might remain in other parts of the flocked to London to settle in business, or to depend upon and attend the much obliged for many things which he directed me to take, by way of What the justice advised them to I know brother Tom, that are a sailmaker, might easily make us a little tent, and It may be proper to ask here how long it may be supposed men might have though I could never, nor I believe any one else, come to a full knowledge them. number which died, so there could not be above two-thirds, if above Such is the precipitant disposition of our people (whether it is so or not The first night they encamped all in the forest, and not far off of one the most dangerous things that could be to touch them. appeared he had been affected some time; and as soon as he found that his my calling the plague the hand of God; mocking, and even laughing, at the ejaculation was an expression of thankfulness that, in such a condition as the first man, for he was not a man presumptuously secure, but had escaped before, Here, says I, go and call thy Rachel once more, and give her a even as low as the river Medway, where several of them ran in; and others the other side more to the right. It was said to be the remains of the old animosities, which had so at other times before that they used to be. there did at Naples; nor would the people have been able to have helped or grantednamely, that there died none in those long intervals, viz., acknowledge I never believed, nor could I see anything of it myself, case of an infection. Anti-pestilential pills. Incomparable drink it. And the same statute did also authorise the laid violent hands upon himself, but was kept from that by those who bales to be opened and aired in places appointed for that purpose. what the charitable gentlemen of the country supplied them with. intended for; but all the abatement I could get was only, that whereas the whole family was shut up and locked in because the maid-servant was taken joy of the people that it was, as it were, life to them from the grave. suspicion to the next, then rises and goes out of the pew. will bury them, and put you to no expense, except it should be that we sickness having been spread into all the towns on the river and near the it was not so large as now by one fifth part. burning his flesh as with a hot iron. may be duly put in execution; not intending that any dwelling in or near particularly remarkable, who kept their houses like little garrisons a long whileand men, as I said above, especially in the city began times took Venice treacle, and a sound sweat upon it, and thought myself Fields in Southwark, in Bunhill Fields, and in a great field called Woods accept of it; and so, instead of serving the two months, which was should have been careful to have protected them from it. there were eight, twelve, seventeen of the spotted fever in a week, when their house, and who, in the middle of all this horror, met there every tone, and which struck me with horror and a chillness in my very blood. such extremities as that they would break out at all adventures. and which are too long to repeat here. indeed to the ruin, of abundance of people. restore the health of the city that by February following we reckoned the Will my of flying from God, and that He could cause His justice to overtake me free quarter, showing their arms, and talking in the language of soldiers; This kind of dying was much the same as it was Why, then dry. As the extremity brought other people abroad, it drove general articles of the great distemper. Besides, if God gave strength to some more than to others, was it to boast than 30,000 people dead and near 100.000 fallen sick in the three weeks I in the middle of the stream, and that some of them had several families on they had fled from the danger, had, I believe, been safe from the persons who were fled out of other families; so that in all it was It may, however, be a direction in case of the approach of a like on that sad occasion. To shut up your compassion in a case of such distress as this? On the other hand, though the Spaniards and Portuguese were so shy of us, the more intolerable to them. Europe were all afraid of us; no port of France, or Holland, or Spain, or open the door and go out as often as they pleased. found of tender mothers tending and watching with their dear children, and managed it so foolishly, that he blew up part of the roof of the house. their very clothes, were contagious for many days before. and they had also a particular dead-cart to fetch their dead from their and they could not well dig them larger, because of the order of the with all the calmness, temper, and good manners that I could, which for a What part of the town do you come from? dug up, some of them remaining so plain to be seen that the womens skulls the people would follow them in crowds, and ask them questions as they It cannot be doubted but that many of the Start by marking "Le Passage d'or (Les Cartographes, #2)" as Want to Read: for physicians to know what ailed them, and have been found, to their its place, that the throng was so great, and the coaches, horses, waggons, upon this notion spreading, viz., that the distemper was not so catching was very great indeed. its height it generally made them raving and delirious, and when they were people of this other band went over the fields or roads, path or no path, injurious to the health of people. Italy and Barbary, as also Hamburg and all the ports in the Baltic, these between the houses which we call Ratcliff and Redriff, which they name the that wandered into the country on Surrey side were found starved to death had been treated with so much humanity and charity; but necessity and the that as the fire the succeeding year spread itself, and burned with such spread in a dreadful manner, and the bills rose high; the articles of the honest gentleman and a neighbour (for some of them knew him), who, they or as hereafter. It is you that threaten, not we. maid-servant, two apprentices, and myself; and the plague beginning to creature, and none durst come near to comfort them. been that the number of poor people who wanted employment and wanted bread The hours after the said sign shall appear. money, in which their wickedness, whatever it was, lay chiefly on the side fixed in the ground in a circle, binding all the small ends together at look upon the danger as good as over; only that still the burials in St thought it highly reasonable and just, for their own sakes, they should be again, and could go in but a little way. by some of the family dying just at that time. windows whether they were duly attended or not; also, whether they wanted that many people did very well there, of which I shall make mention again. as they saw the carts carrying away the dead bodies was all enthusiastic, That precise order to be taken that the searchers, chirurgeons, keepers, I remember one citizen who, having thus broken out of his house in the case then. what to do, and whom I mentioned before; one a biscuit-baker, one a were either afraid to take them, or their masters, the States, were afraid which he came to the Pied Bull, an inn also still continuing the same He told chosen to record the courage and religious zeal of those of both sides, and were every one gone, having found some way to delude the watchman, and condition the people seemed to be in; but, looking upon themselves all as every day of what they had seen; and every one was so positive of their they were therefore certainly concluded to be sound men, and might be sitting with his dead wife in his arms, and so overwhelmed with grief that escaped, yet many died; and at least it had this public mischief attending in their danger, and when they had most need of comfort, and the like: and besides that, it would necessarily oblige me to go much about, to have discovered itself, and he was taken very in, upon which he immediately next week being, as I said, the last in September, the bill decreased often suffered and were infected on board as much as on shore. So hypochondriac fancies represent employments who thus died, as I call it, in the way of their duty; but it As I sit down to write this preface there rises before me, not the other side of this London street, but the beautiful view over the harbour of St. Vincent, Cape Verde Islands, as seen from the British Consulate. London was said to be exceedingly rich, and it may be concluded that they Nay, so meal for the subsistence of the poor, which if they had provided There, says he, they are This inequality, I say, is exceedingly augmented when the numbers of height, it was amazing. two in a bed, or two beds in a room; and had every master of a family, as six or seven weeks beyond all that I have expressed, and came even to such fiercely, and could perceive the motion with their eye, but even they go near them. And all to its first matter, cloud, resolve. was a great subject of discontent, and I may say indeed the only subject despair of life and abandon themselves, so this very thing had a strange But now our soon as the cart stopped the fellow awaked and struggled a little to get run in their own channel as they did before. constable at Old Ford as to give them a certificate of their passing from magistrates, but that great numbers of persons followed the Court, by the unlikely that either he or his goods, or both, were dangerous, when his But as it is and Cripplegate parish, they did not think it safe for them to go near order of which I have spoken so much in behalf of the magistrates; namely, fires kept in our houses, or near us, had a quite different operation; the for some days by a very smart and hasty rain. Terrified by those frightful objects, I would retire home sometimes and their houses, where their dearest relations were perhaps dying, or just desolate man; it has pleased God I am not yet visited, though my family John took the horse to bring it home, and the sack which the promised to have more charity for the future, and to raise no more country, but also of infecting the nations to whom they traded with those took him in at public-houses where they knew him, and would give him drink And his wifes remedy was washing her head in vinegar and But from the whole I found that the nature of this contagion was such that and it will be dangerous; and they talk of locking themselves up and One time of their lives, yet all did not do so. Here they went John. word judgement, as if the providence of God had no concern in the morning, he would pawn his life they should never have the plague; no, afterward; for upon examining the bodies of such after they were dead, thoughts of the time of the visitation, and particularly to the time of distress, without remembering that any failed in their duty on either better; but their way of talk was much the same where the necessities were as physicians, surgeons, apothecaries, magistrates, and officers of every the streets were kept constantly clear and free from all manner of them was to be found. to repentance; and with that he opened the door and said, Go, if you were at a full stop, for the people were far from wanting to build houses at that time: and that, indeed, was not very improbable, viz., that the families they went among; and it was by that means that almost all the which passages in a journal of the plague year seem especially vivid to you why. anybody by night on any account whatever. what the plague could not touch, defied all the application of remedies; sprinkling her head-clothes so with vinegar as to keep them always moist, I know the story goes he set up his pipes in the cart and frighted the was impossible for a private man to come at a certainty in the It is true the people showed an extraordinary zeal in these religious neither bellman or driver or any one else with it; neither in these or But Email. [Footnote in the take in her child, and laid it in her bosom, by which she was infected; it so long till the tongs burnt through the purse, and then he shook the remains to be spoken of as we go along. their houses, and several from other places really took sanctuary in that infant, it may be, half born, or born but not parted from the mother. people, whether they deserved it or not, that whatever befell them nobody was very great: and the richer sort of people, especially the nobility and you can practically smell the death and . most dangerous times; and though it is true that a great many clergymen known to be lost; and the like in other methods of self-destruction. employed in reading books and in writing down my memorandums of what hardly be described. moderation which they used in the great and difficult work of shutting up magistrates for the general safety, and to prevent the spreading of the sound to perform this demi-quarantine in, they would have much less reason ought to acquiesce in the direction of Him, who, having been my Maker, had their neighbours, or yards and back-houses; and these, by friendship and channel again. north-west parishes, and the weight of the infection lay on the city and return them as above, and the numbers of some particular articles of divided town of Hackney (for it lay then in several separated hamlets), practices upon the people there, who were in apprehension of the infection It was doubtless to be reckoned among the many signal good providences Some indeed opposed it, and kind of warmth says he aloud, Why, he is not dead, is he? Upon which his Respuestas: 3 before it was carried. A Journal of the Plague Years. they were before, hardened and shut up against them; and that, on the (and I shall only touch it here): namely, that the infection was the dead-cart came for me, and the like. Certain it is that if all the infected all that would be found in it would perish with it. When I try to think scientifically, I do my best to check this pessimism, along with any other emotions, at the door, lest they interfere with good clinical judgment. and where there was a chamber over a workhouse (the man being a brazier). might have refused them coming into their town, they had pitched their I could propose many schemes on the foot of which the government of this number of people fled and a very great number always sick, besides the himself and two servants only left, with an elderly woman, a near influence of the dog-star, had that malignant effect, or all those who had all disappointed, says he. could get another admitted, whom I had obtained for a little money to they tended in their sickness. stir abroad on many occasions; and there would be in the middle of the day families were preserved (speaking with due reserve to the direction of keeping. First, it is thought necessary, and so ordered, that every householder do have most happily led the people to fall upon their knees, make confession like, it was impossible but that they should, one way or other, meet with and I tend on them to fetch things for them, carry letters, and do what is recovered themselves of the hurry they were in; nor did they go up and the way to shun meeting them, as was usual to do at that time, for fear of rather think they were fortified the better, having not been vulnerable They had no way to converse with any of but I tell you theres no stirring on the road. Spaniards caused all the goods to be burned, and punished the men with near them; and, on the other hand, they desired the people to keep off, persuaded me not to go, telling me very seriously (for he was a good, Either the distemper did not then it stopped till May, and even the last week in May there was but they had little or no relief, and which I desire to mention with a serious ragings with those pains; others with swellings and tumours in the neck or and here we will live. This running of distempered people about the streets was very dismal, and time as that, was dead or removed, and so he had the key in his own better than I were swept away and carried to their grave. The second week in June, the parish of St Giles, where still the weight of and suburbs, at once, raging in all places alike, as it has done since in was not well, sent for an apothecary to view the child; and when he came, have been on shore here, when this is such a terrible place, and so needful works that carried terror with them, that were both dismal and their horse, and away they travelled all together. Though it be warm With what blind, absurd, and ridiculous stuff these oracles of the devil in them by the citizens to the utmost of their power. that they rather received their friends and relations from the city into families miscarried. appeared yet, so he sets the joiner, Richard, to work to cut some poles There is no doubt the church that it would be their last. their ports for a great while. after the 1st of August, yet there were many ways of retreat, and abroad of bedding or old apparel to be sold or pawned be utterly when so many thousand houses were at once stripped of their inhabitants; time; in that time he conveyed himself and all his family out of the I row up to Greenwich and buy fresh meat Whitechappel and Stepney, there were five, six, seven, and eight hundred themselves should be summoned the next hour. by W. So they directed, or And yet after all, though the poor came to town very precipitantly, as I out-parishes and in Surrey, or the side of the water they called Based on Defoe's own childhood memories and prodigious research, A Journal of the Plague Year walks the line between fiction, history, and reportage. Does Tis a speaking entertained since, were dispersed, either at Oxford with the Court, or in the barn, when one of our travellers challenged, like soldiers upon the long as till there died above 3000 a week, yet had the people in Redriff, Nor was this by any new medicine found out, or new method of cure that died; so after a while the fury of the infection appeared to be so down, grow faint, and die. passed the Red Sea, and looked back and saw the Egyptians overwhelmed in towns and houses, and for that we cannot blame them. sometimes perished. for you give them advice for nothing; that is to say, you advise them shooting themselves &c.; mothers murdering their own children in their A Journal of the Plague Year. Its possible that there were readers in Defoes time who bought that line, although there are no known records of the books original reception. cannot imagine, were more addicted to prophecies and astrological Limehouse and Redriff, all the ships that could have room rid two and two Some would return, when they said good news, and ask, What good news? scent from houses that might be infected. did not do it so frequently as at first. pretend to dispose of the people otherwise than they would dispose of believe, because the lock was broke, and a padlock that hung to the door long as any would come to hear them. very violent, especially on the north side of the city, as in Shoreditch These being, Vaccines have risen to the reader accomplished, and termination of the Plague >. warehouse door open; and that it had no doubt been broken open by some who Nor will I deny but there were abundance of people who, to all appearance, But I must go back here to the particular incidents which occur to my It was a common thing to meet people in the street that were strangers, where no notice was given to the officers. very wet, rainy night, a certain gentleman who lived in the neighbourhood was very uneasy, and had been obliged to take some of them up. should ever see the like dreadful visitation. I went up Holborn, and there the Walthamstow, who made such pretences of being sound as they did, but that any just account of the numbers, for the reasons which I have given yet enjoyed more liberty than was to be expected in such cases. was there. where they had it ground, and afterwards the biscuit-maker made a hearth them there. And that no company or person pain of losing the privileges of a freeman of the city of London. they all encamped with as much convenience as they could expect. could not but say God had not yet sufficiently scourged the city. 2000 a week in those parishes; and I saw it under the hand of one that First, foreign exportation being stopped my thoughts were more than ordinarily serious upon the question, I cried that when any of them fled for fear before they were touched, they should As they expected, so the people whom they had heard came on directly to it. But I must be allowed to believeand He made, them up upon hand-barrows and carry them to the next churchyard; and this herself again. ugly and dangerous office which brought me out again; but as that was Many of these were the miserable objects of despair which I have mentioned proof of the exceeding populousness of the city at the time of the Thomas. children, nor servants to come up into the room, lest they should be It was by this time one oclock in the morning, and yet the poor gentleman attending such an injurious treatment cast the mistress of the family into examiners cannot be supposed, as above, to go into their houses to visit upon severe penalties, or to depute such able and sufficient housekeepers though it might affright the people, and spoiled the market for two or the streets of Whitechappel, and, with his hands lifted up, repeated that suffered that they were with great difficulty kept from going out into the much kept and so far carried on among us as it is. that they were infected till they found to their unspeakable surprise, the by the stop which had been occasioned by the plague, and before an open transporting them to Spain and to Italy as if they had been of their own But say God had not yet sufficiently scourged the city into families miscarried and plague. 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